Qualitative blood disorders in fish
Qualitative blood disorders in fish
Of the qualitative disorders in the blood composition, it is necessary to point out those changes that occur under certain conditions in blood plasma and in red blood cells. The specific gravity of the blood plasma of animals varies in each species within strictly defined limits. The blood plasma reaction is slightly alkaline. There is about 90% water in the blood plasma. Plasma contains protein and extractive substances, salts, neutral fats, esters and sugar. Substances that are alien to it in a normal state may also come across in the blood, since, washing tissues and organs that have undergone painful changes, the blood may perceive from them any substances that are not inherent in it. The most important changes in blood plasma are those that are accompanied by an increase or decrease in water against the norm.
Watery blood (hydremia). Fluctuations in the water content in the blood can be twofold: absolute and relative. Absolute is observed when a significant amount of water has entered the bloodstream, and the total amount of protein in it has not changed; relative is the result of a decrease in protein in the blood with a normal water content; therefore, only the relative amount of water has increased.
An absolute increase in blood water can be caused artificially by injecting a significant amount of saline solution into the blood. You can also increase the amount of water in the blood by injecting an excessive amount of drinking water into the animal's body, but in both cases, the blood quickly loses this excess water.
A relative increase in blood water occurs as a result of protein depletion in the blood. This is observed shortly after significant blood loss, and sometimes during the course of certain diseases. This condition is called hydremia.
One of the main signs of hydremia is the formation of edema, in tissues, and effusions into various cavities, such as the abdominal (abdominal dropsy), thoracic (thoracic dropsy), etc. It should be borne in mind that these effusions are the result of changes in the walls and capillaries caused by poor nutrition of these walls, and not the result of blood thinning. Prolonged watery blood is always accompanied by chronic anemia, i.e. depletion of blood by red corpuscles.
Blood clots. When the blood thickens, the amount of proteins in the blood increases significantly due to the depletion of blood with water. The increase is relative, not absolute. It is not observed in fish.
While neutrophils occupy the first place in human blood among white blood cells, and lymphocytes are of secondary importance, in fish, on the contrary, lymphocytes make up the majority of white blood cells, and neutrophils in healthy fish make up a very small percentage. The leukocyte formula in healthy fish was studied by N. V. Puchkov and his students. The leukocyte formula is best known for carp. Lymphocytes—more than 90%, monocytes- several percent, polymorphonuclear cells—about 1%, neutrophils—0.2—1%. Fish neutrophils have completely different properties than the neutrophils of warm-blooded animals, including humans. Fish neutrophils do not have phagocytic properties, and are apparently capable of secretory activity. There are no eosinophils under the age of 2+. Changes in the leukocyte formula of fish blood in diseases have still been relatively poorly studied. Leyman and Shpolyanskaya were the first to investigate and derive the compositions of leukocyte formulas in certain infectious and invasive fish diseases.
Thus, in case of inky fish disease, the number of monocytes increases, in case of carp rubella, the number of neutrophils (in the first half of the disease) and monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (in the second part of the disease).
Fish eosinophils rank last among white blood cells, and their activity is related to fish nutrition.
The main hematopoietic organs in bony fish are the kidneys, and in shellfish—the spleen. Eosinophils are formed in the intestinal walls. ১। বর্তমান ডিজিটাল যুগে অনলাইন বেটিং প্ল্যাটফর্মগুলোর মধ্যে 1xbet অন্যতম জনপ্রিয় একটি নাম। ক্রিকেট, ফুটবল, টেনিস কিংবা ব্যাডমিন্টন – সব ধরনের খেলাতেই এখানে বিশাল বাজির মার্কেট রয়েছে। বিশেষ করে যারা নতুন, তাদের জন্য রয়েছে আকর্ষণীয় সাইন-আপ অফার, যা প্রথম জমাকৃত অর্থের ওপর শতকরা হারে বাড়তি টাকা দেয়। তবে এই সুবিধা পেতে হলে একটি নির্দিষ্ট কোড ব্যবহার করতে হবে, যা সাইটের বিভিন্ন প্রচারণায় পাওয়া যায়। সেই কোডটি সঠিকভাবে প্রবেশ করালেই আপনার অ্যাকাউন্টে যুক্ত হবে প্রণোদনা। 1xbet প্রোমো কোড নিবন্ধন ব্যবহার করে নিশ্চিত করুন আপনার বোনাস – এবং পেয়ে যান ৫০০০ টাকা অতিরিক্ত। এই অর্থ দিয়ে আপনি ঝুঁকি কমিয়ে একাধিক বাজি রাখতে পারেন, যা নত
